We, the
comrades of Unit 1012, will never forget and we will always honor and remember
the victims of the Holocaust. We encourage and recommend people to visit their
official memorial in Israel. We will post information about Yad Vashem from Wikipedia
and other links.
"And to them will I give in my house and within my walls a memorial and a name (a "yad vashem")... that shall not be cut off."- (Isaiah, chapter 56, verse 5)
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Aerial view of Yad Vashem.
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Yad Vashem (Hebrew: יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel's
official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, established in 1953 through the Yad
Vashem Law passed by the Knesset, Israel's
parliament.
Yad Vashem is located on the western
slope of Mount Herzl on the Mount of Remembrance in Jerusalem, 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level
and adjacent to the Jerusalem Forest.
The memorial consists of a 180-dunam (18.0 ha; 44.5-acre) complex
containing the Holocaust History Museum, memorial sites such as the Children's
Memorial and the Hall of Remembrance, The Museum of Holocaust Art, sculptures,
outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, a synagogue,
a research institute with archives, a library, a publishing house, and an
educational center named The International School for Holocaust Studies.
When Yad Vashem came into being, a
core goal of its founding visionaries was to recognize gentiles who, at personal risk, and without
a financial or evangelistic motive, chose to save their Jewish brethren from
the ongoing genocide during the Holocaust. Those recognized by the State of
Israel as Righteous Among the Nations are honored in a section of Yad Vashem
known as the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations.
Yad Vashem is the second most-visited
tourist site in Israel, after the Western Wall. Its curators charge no fee for
admission and welcome approximately one million visitors a year.
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Cattle car memorial.
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Etymology
The name "Yad Vashem" is
taken from a verse in the Book of Isaiah:
Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a
name (yad vashem) better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an
everlasting name, that shall not be cut off" (Isaiah 56:5). Naming the Holocaust memorial
"yad vashem" conveys the idea of establishing a national depository
for the names of Jewish victims who have no one to carry their name after death.
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Valley of the Destroyed Communities.
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History
The idea of establishing a memorial in
the historical Jewish homeland for Jewish victims of the Nazi Holocaust was
conceived during World War II, as a response to reports of the mass murder of
Jews in Nazi-occupied countries. Yad Vashem was first proposed in September
1942, at a board meeting of the Jewish National Fund, by Mordecai Shenhavi, a
member of Kibbutz Mishmar Ha'emek. In August 1945, the plan was
discussed in greater detail at a Zionist meeting in London. A provisional board
of Zionist leaders was established that included David Remez as chairman, Shlomo
Zalman Shragai, Baruch Zuckerman, and Shenhavi. In February 1946, Yad Vashem
opened an office in Jerusalem and a branch office in Tel Aviv and in June that
year, convened its first plenary session. In July 1947, the First Conference on
Holocaust Research was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. However, the
outbreak in May 1948 of the War of Independence, brought operations to a
standstill for two years. In 1953, the Knesset, Israel's Parliament,
unanimously passed the Yad Vashem Law, establishing the Martyrs' and Heroes'
Remembrance Authority.
The location of Yad Vashem on the
western side of Mount Herzl, an area devoid of weighty historical associations,
was chosen to convey a symbolic message of "rebirth" after
destruction, unlike the Chamber of the Holocaust, founded in 1948
on Mount Zion. Thus, the latter museum, whose walls are lined with plaques
memorializing over 2,000 Jewish communities destroyed during the Holocaust,
portrays the Holocaust as a continuation of the "death and
destruction" that plagued Jewish communities throughout Jewish history.
The new Yad Vashem museum was designed
by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, replacing the previous 30-year old
exhibition. It is the culmination of a $100 million decade-long expansion
project.
In November 2008, Rabbi Yisrael
Meir Lau was appointed Chairman of Yad Vashem to replace Tommy Lapid.
Objectives
The goals of Yad Vashem are education,
research and documentation and commemoration. Yad Vashem organizes professional
development courses for educators both in Israel and throughout the world;
develops age-appropriate study programs, curricula and educational materials
for Israeli and foreign schools in order to teach students of all ages about
the Holocaust; holds exhibitions about the Holocaust; collects the names of
Holocaust victims; collects photos, documents and personal artifacts; and
collects Pages of Testimony memorializing victims of the
Holocaust. Yad Vashem seeks to preserve the memory and names of the six million
Jews murdered during the Holocaust and the numerous Jewish communities
destroyed during that time. It holds ceremonies of remembrance and
commemoration; supports Holocaust research projects; develops and coordinates
symposia, workshops and international conferences; and publishes research,
memoirs, documents, albums and diaries related to the Holocaust. Yad Vashem
also honors non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.
The International School for Holocaust
Studies at Yad Vashem, founded in 1993, offers guides and seminars for
students, teachers and educators, and develops pedagogic tools for use in the
classroom. Yad Vashem trains 10,000 domestic and foreign teachers every year.
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“Prism Skylight” of the new Yad Vashem
(Hebrew: יד ושם) Holocaust museum designed by Moshe
Safdie is 200 meters long. The exit point of the present image is roughly
120m (394ft) from the camera.
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Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum.
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Museum
Yad Vashem opened to the public in
1957. The exhibits focused on Jewish resistance in the Warsaw ghetto, the
uprisings in Sobibór and Treblinka death camps, and the struggle of survivors
to reach Israel.
In 1993, planning began for a larger,
more technologically advanced museum to replace the old one. The new building,
designed by Canadian-Israeli architect Moshe Safdie, consists of a long
corridor connected to 10 exhibition halls, each dedicated to a different
chapter of the Holocaust. The museum combines the personal stories of 90
Holocaust victims and survivors and presents approximately 2,500 personal items
including artwork and letters donated by survivors and others. The old
historical displays revolving around anti-Semitism and the rise of Nazism have
been replaced by exhibits that focus on the personal stories of Jews killed in
the Holocaust. According to Avner Shalev, the museum's curator and chairman, a
visit to the new museum revolves around "looking into the eyes of the
individuals. There weren't six million victims, there were six million
individual murders."
The new museum was dedicated on 15
March 2005 in the presence of leaders from 40 states and former Secretary
General of the UN Kofi Annan. President of Israel Moshe Katzav said that Yad
Vashem serves as "an important signpost to all of humankind, a signpost
that warns how short the distance is between hatred and murder, between racism
and genocide."
Architecture
The museum, designed by Moshe Safdie,
is shaped like a triangular concrete "prism" that cuts through the
landscape, illuminated by a 200-meter long skylight. Visitors follow a preset
route that takes them through underground galleries that branch off from the
main hall. Visitors are guided into the galleries by a series of impassable
gaps that of the Holocaust are highlighted.
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The Hall of Names containing Pages of
Testimony commemorating the millions of Jews who were murdered during the
Holocaust.
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Hall of Names
The Hall of Names is a memorial to the
6 million Jews who perished in the Holocaust. The main hall is composed of two
cones: one ten meters high, with a reciprocal well-like cone excavated into the
underground rock, its base filled with water. On the upper cone is a display
featuring 600 photographs of Holocaust victims and fragments of Pages of
Testimony. These are reflected in the water at the bottom of the lower cone,
commemorating those victims whose names remain unknown. Surrounding the
platform is the circular repository, housing the approximately 2.2 million
Pages of Testimony collected to date, with empty spaces for those yet to be
submitted. Since the 1950s, Yad Vashem has collected approximately 110,000
audio, video and written testimonies by Holocaust survivors. As the survivors
age, the program has expanded to visiting survivors in their homes to tape
interviews. Adjoining the hall is a study area with a computerized data bank
where visitors can do online searches for the names of Holocaust victims.
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Janusz Korczak and
the children,
memorial
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| Children's Memorial at Yad Vashem |
Righteous Among the Nations
One of Yad Vashem's tasks is to honor
non-Jews who risked their lives, liberty or positions to save Jews during the
Holocaust. To this end a special independent Commission, headed by a retired
Supreme Court Justice, was established. The commission members, including
historians, public figures, lawyers and Holocaust survivors, examine and
evaluate each case according to a well-defined set of criteria and regulations.
The Righteous receive a certificate of honor and a medal and their names are
commemorated in the Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations, on the Mount of
Remembrance, Yad Vashem. This is an ongoing project that will continue for as
long as there are valid requests, substantiated by testimonies or
documentation. 555 individuals were recognized during 2011, and as of 2011,
more than 24,300 individuals have been recognized as Righteous Among the
Nations.
Art gallery
Yad Vashem houses the world's largest
collection of artwork produced by Jews and other victims of Nazi occupation in
1933-1945. Yehudit Shendar, the senior art curator of Yad Vashem, supervises a
10,000-piece collection, adding 300 pieces a year, most of them donated by
survivors' families or discovered in attics. Included in the collection are
works by: Alice Lok Cahana, Samuel Bak,
Felix
Nussbaum
Prizes awarded by Yad
Vashem
Yad
Vashem awards the following book prizes:
- Yad Vashem Prize for Children's Holocaust Literature
- Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research, established in 2011 in memory of Abraham Meir Schwartzbaum, Holocaust survivor, and his family who was murdered in the Holocaust. It is awarded annually in recognition of high scholarly research and writing on the Holocaust.
- Sussman Prize for Paintings of the Shoah.
- The annual Buchman Foundation Memorial Prize, for writers and scholars for Holocaust-related works. Recipients include:
- 2007: Hanoch Bartov, for Beyond the Horizon, Across the Street
- 2007: Shlomo Aharonson, for Hitler, the Allies and the Jews
- Earlier: Aharon Applefeld, Alona Frankel (2005), Ida Fink, Dina Porat, Lizzie Doron, Amir Gottfreund, Itamar Levin.
Awards bestowed upon Yad
Vashem
- In 1973, the Pinkas HaKehillot (Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities) project of Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for its special contribution to society and the State.
- In 2003, Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for lifetime achievement and its special contribution to society and the State.
- In September 2007, Yad Vashem received the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord. The Prince of Asturias Awards is presented in 8 categories. The Award for Concord is bestowed upon the person, persons or institution whose work has made an exemplary and outstanding contribution to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence amongst men, to the struggle against injustice or ignorance, to the defense of freedom, or whose work has widened the horizons of knowledge or has been outstanding in protecting and preserving mankind's heritage.
- On 25 October 2007, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev was honored with the Légion d’honneur for his "extraordinary work on behalf of Holocaust remembrance worldwide." French President Nicolas Sarkozy personally presented Shalev with the award in a special ceremony at the Elysee Palace.
- In 2011, Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev received the City of Jerusalem’s prestigious Patron of Jerusalem Award in recognition of his public activities focused in Israel's capital and on its behalf.
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